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Why band size and unused band can be the main driver of joint assessment outcomes.
The most common reason joint assessment changes the estimate is unused standard rate band in one spouse. If unused band can be transferred, more income can stay in the lower rate band in some scenarios.
In one-income households, unused band is more likely. In two-income households, both spouses may already use their own bands, so the difference can be smaller. That is why testing different splits is useful.
Keep combined income fixed and move €5k or €10k between spouses. If joint assessment stays best as you change the split, band transfer is likely the driver.